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Twelve-string guitar

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about guitars with six courses. For guitars with more than six separate strings, see <a href="Classical_guitar_with_additional_strings" title="Classical guitar with additional strings">Classical guitar with additional strings</a>.</div>

A twelve-string guitar (or 12-string guitar) is a steel-string <a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> with 12 <a href="String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a> in six <a href="Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a>, which produces a thicker, more ringing tone than a standard six-string guitar. Typically, the strings of the lower four courses are tuned in octaves, with those of the upper two courses tuned in unison. The gap between the strings within each dual-string course is narrow, and the strings of each course are fretted and plucked as a single unit. The neck is wider, to accommodate the extra strings, and is similar to the width of a <a href="Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">classical guitar</a> neck. The sound, particularly on acoustic instruments, is fuller and more harmonically resonant than six-string instruments. The 12-string guitar can be played like a 6-string guitar as players still use the same notes, chords and guitar techniques like a standard 6-string guitar, but advanced techniques can be challenging as players need to play or pluck two strings simultaneously.

Structurally, 12-string guitars, especially those built before 1970, differ from six-string guitars in the following ways:

<ul><li>The headstock is elongated to accommodate 12 tuning machines.</li>

<li>The added tension of the six additional strings necessitates stronger reinforcement of the neck.</li>

<li>The body is also reinforced, and built with a stronger structure, to withstand the higher tension.</li>

<li>The fretting scale is generally shorter to reduce the overall string tension.</li></ul>

Twelve-string guitars are made in both <a href="Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic</a> and <a href="Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric</a> forms. However, the acoustic type is more common.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Chorus"_effect">"Chorus" effect</h2></div>

The double ranks of strings of the 12-string guitar produce a shimmering effect, because even the strings tuned in unison can never vibrate with precise simultaneity—that is, they vibrate out of <a href="Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a>. The result to the ear is a sound that seems to "shimmer", which some describe as resembling strings that are slightly detuned. The interference between the out-of-phase vibrations produces a phenomenon known as a <a href="Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> that results in a periodic rise and fall of intensity which is, in music, often considered pleasing to the ear. <a href="Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> described the distinctive sound of the 12-string guitar as "the clanging of bells."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2></div>

The origin of the modern 12-string guitar is not clear, but it arose in the closing years of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The most likely ancestors using courses of doubled strings are some Mexican instruments of such as the <a href="Bandol%C3%B3n" title="Bandolón">bandolón</a>, the guitarra séptima, the guitarra quinta <a href="Huapanguera" title="Huapanguera">huapanguera</a>, and the <a href="Bajo_sexto" title="Bajo sexto">bajo sexto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stella-5">[5]</a> Pictures such as the 1901 Mexican Typical Orchestra at the Pan-American Exposition show a chordophone with 12 strings.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 12-strings were regarded as "novelty" instruments.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The 12-string guitar did not become a major part of <a href="Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> till the 1920s and the 1930s, when their "larger than life"<a href="#cite_note-Stella-5">[5]</a> sound made them ideal as solo accompaniment for vocalists, especially <a href="Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a> and <a href="Blind_Willie_McTell" title="Blind Willie McTell">Blind Willie McTell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The 12-string guitar has since occupied roles in certain varieties of folk, <a href="Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, jazz, and <a href="Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. In the 1930s, Mexican-American guitarist and singer <a href="Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a> popularized the instrument. In the 1950s, Lead Belly's protégé, <a href="Fred_Gerlach" title="Fred Gerlach">Fred Gerlach</a>, brought the instrument into the American folk music world. Initially, it was primarily used for accompaniment, owing to the greater difficulty of picking or executing string "bends" on its double-strung courses. The Delta Blues guitar virtuoso <a href="Robert_Lockwood_Jr." title="Robert Lockwood Jr.">Robert Lockwood Jr</a> was presented a handcrafted acoustic 12-string guitar made by an outstanding Japanese luthier in the end of the sixties, and this became the instrument of choice for Lockwood thereafter. In the later 20th century, however, a number of players devoted themselves to producing solo performances on the 12-string guitar, including <a href="Roger_Hodgson" title="Roger Hodgson">Roger Hodgson</a>, <a href="Leo_Kottke" title="Leo Kottke">Leo Kottke</a>, <a href="Peter_Lang_(guitarist)" title="Peter Lang (guitarist)">Peter Lang</a>, <a href="John_McLaughlin_(musician)" title="John McLaughlin (musician)">John McLaughlin</a>, <a href="Larry_Coryell" title="Larry Coryell">Larry Coryell</a>, <a href="Ralph_Towner" title="Ralph Towner">Ralph Towner</a>, <a href="Robbie_Basho" title="Robbie Basho">Robbie Basho</a>, <a href="Roger_Whittaker" title="Roger Whittaker">Roger Whittaker</a>, <a href="Jack_Rose_(guitarist)" title="Jack Rose (guitarist)">Jack Rose</a>, and <a href="James_Blackshaw" title="James Blackshaw">James Blackshaw</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_12-string_guitars">Electric 12-string guitars</h3></div>

Electric 12-strings became a staple in pop and rock music in the 1960s. Early use of the instrument was pioneered by the studio session guitarists of <a href="The_Wrecking_Crew_(music)" title="The Wrecking Crew (music)">the Wrecking Crew</a>; in 1963, <a href="Carol_Kaye" title="Carol Kaye">Carol Kaye</a> used a converted Guild six-string on <a href="The_Crystals" title="The Crystals">the Crystals</a>' hit "<a href="Then_He_Kissed_Me" title="Then He Kissed Me">Then He Kissed Me</a>",<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and on <a href="Jackie_DeShannon" title="Jackie DeShannon">Jackie DeShannon</a>'s song "<a href="When_You_Walk_in_the_Room" title="When You Walk in the Room">When You Walk in the Room</a>". <a href="Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a> played a well-known guitar figure, composed by DeShannon, on an electric 12-string.<a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Tony_2010-10">[10]</a>

One of the first mass-produced electric 12-strings was the Bellzouki.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Introduced by <a href="Danelectro" title="Danelectro">Danelectro</a> in 1961 from a design by session guitarist <a href="Vinnie_Bell" title="Vinnie Bell">Vinnie Bell</a>, it was initially considered a cross between an electric guitar and a <a href="Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a> rather than an electric version of the traditional 12-string guitar.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the UK in 1963, <a href="Jennings_Musical_Instruments" title="Jennings Musical Instruments">JMI</a> briefly produced the Vox Bouzouki, later produced in Italy as The Vox Tempest XII,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which was used by <a href="Vic_Flick" title="Vic Flick">Vic Flick</a> on the <a href="Peter_and_Gordon" title="Peter and Gordon">Peter and Gordon</a> hit single "<a href="A_World_Without_Love" title="A World Without Love">A World Without Love</a>" in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In late 1963, <a href="Burns_London" title="Burns London">Burns</a> developed the Double Six,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> supplying a prototype to <a href="Hank_Marvin" title="Hank Marvin">Hank Marvin</a> of <a href="The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a>, who used it on a number of songs for the soundtrack of the 1964 <a href="Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a> movie <a href="Wonderful_Life_(1964_film)" title="Wonderful Life (1964 film)">Wonderful Life</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the Double Six was also used on <a href="The_Searchers_(band)" title="The Searchers (band)">the Searchers</a>' cover version of De Shannon's "When You Walk in the Room."

The electric 12-string gained prominence with the introduction in 1964 of the <a href="Rickenbacker_360/12" title="Rickenbacker 360/12">Rickenbacker 360</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Tony_2010-10">[10]</a> made famous through <a href="George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>'s use of it on <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' album <a href="A_Hard_Day's_Night_(album)" title="A Hard Day's Night (album)">A Hard Day's Night</a> and many subsequent recordings.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1965, inspired by Harrison, <a href="Roger_McGuinn" title="Roger McGuinn">Roger McGuinn</a> made the Rickenbacker 12-string central to <a href="The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>' <a href="Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> sound, further popularising the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

By the mid-1960s, most major guitar manufacturers were producing competing instruments, including the <a href="Fender_Electric_XII" title="Fender Electric XII">Fender Electric XII</a> (used by <a href="Roy_Wood" title="Roy Wood">Roy Wood</a> of <a href="The_Move" title="The Move">the Move</a>), and the <a href="Vox_Phantom" title="Vox Phantom">Vox Phantom XII</a> (used by <a href="Tony_Hicks" title="Tony Hicks">Tony Hicks</a> of <a href="The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a>, <a href="Guild_Guitar_Company" title="Guild Guitar Company">Guild</a>, and <a href="Gibson_(guitar_company)" title="Gibson (guitar company)">Gibson</a> also produced electric 12-string models from the mid-Sixties and following decades,<a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Tony_2010-10">[10]</a> with Gretsch promoting theirs by supplying a number of custom made 12-strings for <a href="The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">the Monkees</a> guitarist <a href="Michael_Nesmith" title="Michael Nesmith">Michael Nesmith</a>, for use on <a href="The_Monkees_(TV_series)" title="The Monkees (TV series)">The Monkees</a> TV series.<a href="#cite_note-Monkees-20">[20]</a>

Standard electric 12-strings became less popular with the end of the American folk rock scene in the late sixties; Fender and Gibson ceased production of the Electric XII and <a href="Gibson_ES-335" title="Gibson ES-335">ES-335</a> 12-string variant respectively, in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, from the 1970s, some <a href="Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>, and <a href="Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a> guitarists, most notably <a href="Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> of <a href="Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="Don_Felder" title="Don Felder">Don Felder</a> of <a href="Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">the Eagles</a>, <a href="John_McLaughlin_(musician)" title="John McLaughlin (musician)">John McLaughlin</a> of the <a href="Mahavishnu_Orchestra" title="Mahavishnu Orchestra">Mahavishnu Orchestra</a> and <a href="Alex_Lifeson" title="Alex Lifeson">Alex Lifeson</a> of <a href="Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> used <a href="Double-necked_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-necked guitars">double-necked guitars</a>, such as the <a href="Gibson_EDS-1275" title="Gibson EDS-1275">Gibson EDS-1275</a>, with six-string and 12-string necks, for live appearances, allowing easy transition between different sounds mid-song.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

The post punk era of the late '70s and early '80s saw a resurgence of electric 12-string guitar use among '60s-influenced alternative rock, pop, and indie guitarists. Players such as <a href="Johnny_Marr" title="Johnny Marr">Johnny Marr</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> of <a href="The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">the Smiths</a>, <a href="Dave_Gregory_(musician)" title="Dave Gregory (musician)">Dave Gregory</a> of <a href="XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="Susanna_Hoffs" title="Susanna Hoffs">Susanna Hoffs</a> of <a href="The_Bangles" title="The Bangles">the Bangles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="Marty_Willson-Piper" title="Marty Willson-Piper">Marty Willson-Piper</a> of <a href="The_Church_(band)" title="The Church (band)">the Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="Peter_Buck" title="Peter Buck">Peter Buck</a> of <a href="R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, and <a href="Tom_Petty" title="Tom Petty">Tom Petty</a> and <a href="Mike_Campbell_(musician)" title="Mike Campbell (musician)">Mike Campbell</a> of <a href="Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers" title="Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers">Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers</a> often chose 12-strings (particularly Rickenbackers) for many songs.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

In the 1980s, John C. Hall, president of <a href="Rickenbacker" title="Rickenbacker">Rickenbacker</a>, invited Roger McGuinn to participate in a limited-edition signature model; McGuinn was delighted. Roger McGuinn's signature model Rickenbacker 12-string was introduced in 1988 as the 370/12 RME1.<a href="#cite_note-Bacon,_Tony_2010-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

The strings are placed in <a href="Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a> of two strings each that are usually played together. The two strings in each of the lower four courses are normally tuned an <a href="Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> apart, while each pair of strings in the top two courses are tuned in <a href="Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>. The strings are generally arranged such that the higher string of each pair is struck first on a downward strum. However, <a href="Rickenbacker" title="Rickenbacker">Rickenbacker</a> usually reverses this arrangement on its electric 12-string guitars. The tuning of the second string in the third course (G) varies. Some players use a unison string, while most prefer the distinctive high-pitched, <a href="Bell" title="Bell">bell</a>-like quality an octave string makes in this position. Another common variant is to tune the octave string in the sixth (lowest) course two octaves above the lower string, rather than one. Some players, either in search of distinctive tone or for ease of playing, remove some doubled strings. For example, removing the higher octave from the three bass courses simplifies playing running bass lines, but keeps the extra treble strings for the full strums. Some manufacturers have produced 9-string instruments based on this setup, in which either the lower three courses are singular, or the upper three courses are singular. Additionally; some players adapted more unconventional stringing: for example, <a href="Big_Joe_Williams" title="Big Joe Williams">Big Joe Williams</a> used doubled strings on the 1st, 2nd and 4th courses of his guitars; at first adapted six-string instruments and into the sixties and later usually adapted 12-strings.

The extra <a href="Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> placed on the instrument by the doubled strings is high, and because of this additional stress on their necks and soundboards, 12-string guitars long had a reputation for warping after a few years of use. (This is less of a problem in modern instruments, built after 1970.) Until the wide spread adoption by American makers of the <a href="Truss_rod" title="Truss rod">truss rod</a> after WWII, 12-string guitars were frequently tuned lower than the traditional EADGBE to reduce the <a href="Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stresses</a> on the instrument. For example, Lead Belly often used a low-C tuning, but in some recordings, his tunings can be recognized as low-B and A tunings, partially due to the unusually long scale length (~26.5-27") of the particular models of guitar that he preferred in combination with the heavy strings that were commonly available (14-70).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some 12-string guitars have nontraditional structural supports to prevent or postpone warping, at the expense of appearance and tone. To additionally reduce string tension, 12-string guitars built prior to 1970 typically had shorter necks and scale lengths than six-string guitars, which made frets more closely spaced, with some notable exceptions such as the instruments made by the Oscar Schmidt company before their bankruptcy, which usually had scale lengths of around 26.5". Their bridges, especially in acoustic guitars, had a larger reinforcement plate for the same reason, and tailpiece and floating-bridge setups were far more common than on six string instruments as another way to combat the effect of the high tension.

Advances in materials, design, and construction in such guitars made after 1970 have eliminated most of these accommodations. Contemporary 12 string guitars are commonly built to the same dimensions and scale as their six-string counterparts, albeit still usually with heavier build and bracing.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning">Tuning</h2></div>

The most common tuning, considered standard today, is a variation on the standard six-string guitar tuning: E3•E2 A3•A2 D4•D3 G4•G3 B3•B3 E4•E4, moving from lowest (sixth) course to highest (first) course.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Lead Belly and some other players have doubled the lowest course two octaves above instead of one, producing a third string in unison with the top course, and some stringing the third course in unison as well, and some others all courses except the top in octaves.

Some performers use <a href="Open_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open tuning">open tunings</a> and other non-standard <a href="Guitar_tunings" title="Guitar tunings">guitar tunings</a> on 12-string guitars. Some performers have experimented with tuning the two strings within a course to intervals other than octaves or unisons: jazz guitarists such as <a href="Ralph_Towner" title="Ralph Towner">Ralph Towner</a> (of <a href="Oregon_(band)" title="Oregon (band)">Oregon</a>), <a href="Larry_Coryell" title="Larry Coryell">Larry Coryell</a>, and <a href="Philip_Catherine" title="Philip Catherine">Philip Catherine</a> have tuned the bass courses of their 12-string guitars to the upper <a href="Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</a> and trebles to the lower <a href="Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a> instead of octaves and unisons;<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="Michael_Gulezian" title="Michael Gulezian">Michael Gulezian</a> tuned strings in the top two courses to whole-tone intervals (and possibly some of the other strings an octave lower) to achieve a very rich, complex sound.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The greater number of strings offers almost endless possibilities.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nashville_tuning">Nashville tuning</h3></div>

<a href="Nashville_tuning_(high_strung)" title="Nashville tuning (high strung)">Nashville tuning</a> is a way of simulating a 12-string guitar sound, using two six-string guitars playing in unison. This is achieved by replacing the lower four courses on one six-string with the higher octave strings for those four courses from a 12-string set, and tuning these four strings an octave higher than normal tuning for those courses on a six-string. <a href="Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double-tracking</a> this guitar with the standard-tuned six-string is commonly used in recording studios to achieve a "cleaner" 12-string effect.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_12-string_tuning">Mexican 12-string tuning</h3></div>

<a href="Mexican_twelve-string_guitar" title="Mexican twelve-string guitar">Mexican twelve-string guitars</a>, also known as requinto style or Sierreño style, are modified 12-string guitars that can approximate the sound of a <a href="Bajo_sexto" title="Bajo sexto">bajo sexto</a> or <a href="Bajo_quinto" title="Bajo quinto">bajo quinto</a> and play regional Mexican styles, such as <a href="Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">norteño</a> (music of Northern Mexico), <a href="Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a> (Tex-Mex), and <a href="Conjunto" title="Conjunto">conjunto</a> (música mexicana-tejana). In a traditional 12-string setup, the lower four strings (E, A, D, and G) have octave pairs, while the top two (B and E) have unison pairs. However, for regional Mexican styles, all strings are set up with identical unison pairs instead of the traditional octave courses.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This configuration yields a resonant timbre reminiscent of the venerable bajo sexto, but adds significantly more tension on the bridge and neck. Furthermore, it usually requires the nut to be modified, the neck compensated, and the bridge to be reinforced.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playing">Playing</h2></div>

The 12-string guitar's greater number of strings and higher cumulative string tension complicates playing, in both hands. Fretting chords requires greater force, and the width of the neck and the added string tension combine to make soloing and string-bending challenging. The gap between the dual-string courses is usually narrower than that between the single-string courses of a conventional six-string guitar, so more precision is required with the pick or fingertip when not simply strumming chords. Consequently, the instrument is most commonly used for accompaniment, though several players have taken the time to develop the 12-string guitar as a solo instrument. Flat-picking solos are more frequently seen with electric players, whereas a few acoustic players, such as <a href="Leo_Kottke" title="Leo Kottke">Leo Kottke</a>, have adapted <a href="Fingerstyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerstyle">fingerstyle</a> techniques to the instrument; players such as Ralph Towner have applied <a href="Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">classical</a> playing techniques.

Roger McGuinn developed his own style of playing a 12-string guitar. The neck of a <a href="Rickenbacker_360/12" title="Rickenbacker 360/12">Rickenbacker 360/12</a> 12-string guitar is as wide as the 6-string guitar. Solos are therefore easier to play and he used his banjo techniques to play chords. In addition to applying a <a href="Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compressor</a>, this determined the sound of the Byrds. Lead Belly adapted both the traditional, simple strum style and the finger-style method that was becoming popular at the time as well; Blind Willie McTell also played finger-style 12 string.

<ul><li><a href="Colombian_tiple" title="Colombian tiple">Colombian tiple</a> – Plucked string instrument</li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitar</a> – Plucked string instrument with twelve steel strings</li>

<li><a href="Twelve-string_bass" title="Twelve-string bass">Twelve-string bass</a> – Bass guitar with 12 strings instead of the usual 4 or 6 strings</li>

<li><a href="Viola_caipira" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola caipira">Viola caipira</a> – Brazilian string musical instrumentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Walk_Right_In" title="Walk Right In">Walk Right In</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSimmons" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frets.com/FretsPages/History/12string/12stOrigins.html">"The origins of Twelve String Power"</a>. frets.com. Acoustic Guitar Magazine. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTolinski,_di_Perna2016" class="citation book cs1">Tolinski, di Perna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3J_CwAAQBAJ&q=Pete+Seeger+described+the+distinctive+sound+of+the+12-string+guitar+as+%22the+clanging+of+bells&pg=PT161">Play It Loud: An Epic History of the Style, Sound, and Revolution of the Electric Guitar</a> (Hardcover ed.). New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0385541008</bdi>. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBogdal" class="citation web cs1">Bogdal, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringjoy.com/12-string-guitar-street-stage/">"12-String Guitar: From the Street to the Stage"</a>. Stringjoy.cm. Stringjoy, LLC. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8KvAwAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+12+string+guitar&pg=PA283">Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 2</a>. A&C Black. 8 May 2003. p. 283. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781847144720</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Stella-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stella_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stella_5-1">b</a> See, Derek; "1930s Stella 12-String"

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224614/https://folkways-media.si.edu/docs/folkways/artwork/ARH07017.pdf">"Orquestas Típicas"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways-media.si.edu/docs/folkways/artwork/ARH07017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpguitars.net/history/grunewald/12-string.htm">"The Birth of the American 12-string Guitar by Gregg Miner"</a>. Harpguitars.net. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frets.com/FretsPages/History/12string/12stOrigins.html">"FRETS.COM"</a>. Frets.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174938/http://www.frets.com/FretsPages/History/12string/12stOrigins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoseley,_Willie_G.2000" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Willie G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageguitar.com/2809/carol-kaye/">"Carol Kaye interview in Vintage Guitar Magazine"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Bacon,_Tony_2010-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Tony_2010_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Tony_2010_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Tony_2010_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon,_Tony_2010_10-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFBacon,_Tony2010" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Tony (2010). Rickenbacker Electric 12 String: The Story of the Guitars, the Music, and the Great Players.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOhara,_Marcus2010" class="citation web cs1">Ohara, Marcus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniqueguitar.blogspot.com/2010/02/danelectro-bellzouki-model-7010-was.html">"The Bellzouki aka The Danelectro 12 String Guitar"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Ed2010" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Ed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/a-z-of-garage-rock-252837#!2">"B is for... Bellzouki"</a>. Musicradar.com.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintageguitarandbass.com/vox/Bouzouki.php">"Vox Bouzouki Electric Twelve String Guitar"</a>. Vintageguitarandbass.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSongfacts" class="citation web cs1">Songfacts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.songfacts.com/blog/writing/british-session-star-vic-flick">"British Session Star Vic Flick : Song Writing"</a>. Songfacts.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burnsguitars.com/doublesix.php">"Double Six Guitars London"</a>. Burnsguitars.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvsspecialtyproducts.com/hank-s-guitars.html">"Hank's Guitars |TVS Specialty Products"</a>. Tvsspecialtyproducts.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFanelli,_Damian_R2017" class="citation web cs1">Fanelli, Damian R (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarworld.com/gear/beatles-secret-weapon-george-harrison-s-1963-rickenbacker-36012">"The Beatles' Secret Weapon: George Harrison's 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12"</a>. Guitar World.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeinstock,_R2014" class="citation web cs1">Beinstock, R (14 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarplayer.com/guitaraficionado/guitar-collection-roger-mcguinns-1964-rickenbacker-360-12">"Guitar Collection: Roger McGuinn's 1964 Rickenbacker 360-12"</a>. Guitar Player.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllen,_Frank2016" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Frank (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-searchers.co.uk/ricky.htm">"The Rickenbacker Myth (The Searchers' Official Site)"</a>. The-searchers.co.uk.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Monkees-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Monkees_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monkeeslivealmanac.com/gear.html">"The Monkees Instruments and Gear"</a>. Monkees Live Almanac. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwens2017" class="citation web cs1">Owens, Jeff (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fender.com/articles/gear/ring-true-a-history-of-fender-12-string-electric-guitars">"Ring True: A History of Fender 12-String Electric Guitars"</a>. Fender.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truevintageguitar.com/inventory/1968-gibson-es-335-12/">"1968 Gibson ES-335-12 | True Vintage Guitar"</a>. Truevintageguitar.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Simmons, Michael. "12-String Power." Acoustic Guitar. November 1997, p. 51

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonguitar.com/2008/12/johnny-marrs-gear.html">"Johnny Marr's Gear"</a>. Smithsonguitar.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chalkhills.org/articles/GuitarPlayer199206.html">"Chalkhills: "XTC: The Reluctant Gods Of Smart Pop", Guitar Player, 1992"</a>. chalkhills.org. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSollenberger2006" class="citation web cs1">Sollenberger, Kraig (10 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageguitar.com/2991/susanna-hoffs/">"Susanna Hoffs"</a>. Vintage Guitar magazine. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickenbacker.com/news_item.asp?news_id=9&news=old">"News"</a>. Rickenbacker.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonybacon.co.uk/rickenbacker-electric-12-string/">"Tony Bacon: books, words, and more"</a>. Tonybacon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See <a href="Julius_Lester" title="Julius Lester">Julius Lester</a>/<a href="Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> The 12-String Guitar as Played by Leadbelly, Oak Publications, New York, 1965, p. 6.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> In his book Steel-String Guitar Construction, artist and luthier Irving Sloane devoted a chapter to the 12-string guitar that did not mention the subsequent advances.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fq0Ok8lA3xY&t=30s">What Is The Difference Between A 6-String & A 12-String Guitar</a>. <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Fq0Ok8lA3xY">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Whitehill; Alternate Tunings for Guitar; p. 8

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Whitehill, Dave; Alternate Tunings for Guitar: A Comprehensive Guide for Over 300 Tunings; p. 12. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7935-8219-9</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daddario.com/Resources/JDCDAD/Videos/DAddario_Nashville_Tuning.pdf">"High-Strung/ Nashville Tuning"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053027/http://www.daddario.com/Resources/JDCDAD/Videos/DAddario_Nashville_Tuning.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esptakamine.com/articles/2013823-takamine-12-string-setup-requinto-style">"Takamine 12-String Setup - Requinto-Style"</a>. ESPTakamine.com. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reverb.com/news/a-guide-to-norteno-and-sierreno-instruments#:~:text=This%20modification%20adds%20a%20lot%20more%20strain%20on%20the%20bridge%20and%20neck%20and%20usually%20requires%20the%20nut%20to%20be%20modified%2C%20the%20neck%20to%20be%20compensated%2C%20and%20the%20bridge%20to%20be%20reinforced%20with%20aftermarket%20products.">"Matched-Course 12-Strings and Other Norteño and Sierreño Instruments"</a>. Reverb. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Guitars257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guitar_chord" title="Guitar chord">Chords</a></li>

<li><a href="String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">Picking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Strum" title="Strum">strum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">Rhythm</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_tunings" title="Guitar tunings">Tunings</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitarist" title="Guitarist">Guitarist</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type (six string)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">Acoustic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acoustic-electric_guitar" title="Acoustic-electric guitar">acoustic-electric</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel-string_acoustic_guitar" title="Steel-string acoustic guitar">steel-string</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dreadnought_(guitar_type)" title="Dreadnought (guitar type)">dreadnought</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Archtop_guitar" title="Archtop guitar">Archtop</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric</a></li>

<li><a href="Flamenco_guitar" title="Flamenco guitar">Flamenco</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretless_guitar" title="Fretless guitar">Fretless</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitarr%C3%B3n_mexicano" title="Guitarrón mexicano">Guitarrón mexicano</a></li>

<li><a href="Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Lap steel</a></li>

<li><a href="Parlor_guitar" title="Parlor guitar">Parlor</a></li>

<li><a href="Requinto_guitar" title="Requinto guitar">Requinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">Resonator</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-acoustic_guitar" title="Semi-acoustic guitar">Semi-acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_guitar" title="Hybrid guitar">Hybrid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classical_guitar_with_additional_strings" title="Classical guitar with additional strings">Additional strings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arm%C3%B3nico" title="Armónico">Armónico</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_guitar" title="Russian guitar">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Brahms_guitar" title="Brahms guitar">Brahms</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapman_Stick" title="Chapman Stick">Chapman Stick</a></li>

<li><a href="English_guitar" title="English guitar">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten-string_classical_guitar_of_Yepes" title="Ten-string classical guitar of Yepes">Yepes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multi-neck_guitar" title="Multi-neck guitar">Multi-neck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancillary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bajo_sexto" title="Bajo sexto">Bajo sexto</a></li>

<li><a href="Baritone_guitar" title="Baritone guitar">Baritone</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapman_Stick" title="Chapman Stick">Chapman Stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Chitarra_battente" title="Chitarra battente">Chitarra battente</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulinho_Nogueira" title="Paulinho Nogueira">Craviola</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">Cuatro</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitalele" title="Guitalele">Guitalele</a></li>

<li><a href="Raj%C3%A3o" title="Rajão">Rajão</a></li>

<li><a href="Requinto_guitar" title="Requinto guitar">Requinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Six-string_alto_guitar" title="Six-string alto guitar">Six-string alto</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenor_guitar" title="Tenor guitar">Tenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Timple" title="Timple">Timple</a></li>

<li><a href="Viola_caipira" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola caipira">Viola caipira</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_guitars" title="Outline of guitars">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_wiring" title="Guitar wiring">Guitar wiring</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_classical_guitar" title="History of the classical guitar">History of the classical guitar</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_guitars" title="List of guitars">List of guitars</a></li>

<li><a href="Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a>

<ul><li><a href="Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">experimental</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Guitar_manufacturing" title="Guitar manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_guitar_manufacturers" title="List of guitar manufacturers">list of manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibrato_systems_for_guitar" title="Vibrato systems for guitar">Vibrato systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Vintage_guitar" title="Vintage guitar">Vintage guitar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Twelve-string_guitar&oldid=1296631871">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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